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The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as:〔 define the philosophy of AI as consisting of the first two questions, and the additional question of the ethics of artificial intelligence. writes "In the current literature, philosophy has two chief roles: to determine whether or not such machines would be conscious, and, second, to predict whether or not such machines are possible." The last question bears on the first two.〕 * Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve ''any'' problem that a person would solve by thinking? * Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer? * Can a machine have a mind, mental states and consciousness in the same sense humans do? Can it ''feel how things are''? These three questions reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, cognitive scientists and philosophers respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend on the definition of "intelligence" and "consciousness" and exactly which "machines" are under discussion. Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include: *Turing's "polite convention": ''If a machine behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being.''〔This is a paraphrase of the essential point of the Turing test. , , , 〕 * The Dartmouth proposal: ''"Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."''〔. This assertion was printed in the program for the Dartmouth Conference of 1956, widely considered the "birth of AI."also 〕 * Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis: ''"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."''〔 and 〕 * Searle's strong AI hypothesis: ''"The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds."''〔This version is from , and is also quoted in . Searle's original formulation was "The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." . Strong AI is defined similarly by : "The assertion that machines could possibly act intelligently (or, perhaps better, act as if they were intelligent) is called the 'weak AI' hypothesis by philosophers, and the assertion that machines that do so are actually thinking (as opposed to simulating thinking) is called the 'strong AI' hypothesis."〕 * Hobbes' mechanism: ''"Reason is nothing but reckoning."'' ==Can a machine display general intelligence?== Is it possible to create a machine that can solve ''all'' the problems humans solve using their intelligence? This question defines the scope of what machines will be able to do in the future and guides the direction of AI research. It only concerns the ''behavior'' of machines and ignores the issues of interest to psychologists, cognitive scientists and philosophers; to answer this question, it does not matter whether a machine is ''really'' thinking (as a person thinks) or is just ''acting like'' it is thinking.〔See , where they make the distinction between ''acting'' rationally and ''being'' rational, and define AI as the study of the former.〕 The basic position of most AI researchers is summed up in this statement, which appeared in the proposal for the Dartmouth Conferences of 1956: * ''Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.''〔 Arguments against the basic premise must show that building a working AI system is impossible, because there is some practical limit to the abilities of computers or that there is some special quality of the human mind that is necessary for thinking and yet cannot be duplicated by a machine (or by the methods of current AI research). Arguments in favor of the basic premise must show that such a system is possible. The first step to answering the question is to clearly define "intelligence." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philosophy of artificial intelligence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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